David Bickar’s research has diverged into three distinct areas. The first focuses on the mechanisms of electron transfer and oxygen reduction, and the proteins that catalyze these reactions. Much of ...

Three new toad species bypass the tadpole stage entirely, giving birth to fully formed babies in isolated mountain forests.

Various nerves control bladder and bowel function, including the spinal cord, cauda equina, pudendal nerves, and the enteric nervous system, a nerve network in the walls of the digestive tract. These ...

To manufacture protein molecules, a cell must first transfer information from DNA to mRNA through the process of transcription. Then, a process called translation uses this mRNA as a template for ...

Catecholamines, such as dopamine and adrenaline, are hormones produced by the brain, nerve tissues, and adrenal glands. They are responsible for the body’s “fight-or-flight” response. Dopamine, ...

Introduction Photobiomodulation (PBM) has shown promising effects in managing postoperative pain following conventional periapical surgery, although current evidence remains limited. This study aims ...

Reem Heakal is a writer who became an Investopedia contributor in 2003. Her writing covers a wide array of large-scale financial topics. Headquartered in Basel, Switzerland, the Bank for International ...

An office breathing test typically means you blow into a machine that measures how much air your lungs can take in and how quickly and forcefully you can blow it out. These numbers tell your doctor if ...

Reem Heakal is a writer who became an Investopedia contributor in 2003. Her writing covers a wide array of large-scale financial topics. Investopedia / Ryan Oakley The World Trade Organization (WTO) ...

Accelerate your tech game Paid Content How the New Space Race Will Drive Innovation How the metaverse will change the future of work and society Managing the ...