In bioinformatics, multiple sequence alignment (MSA) is an NP-hard problem. Nature-inspired approaches can provide an approximate solution compared to conventional approaches. In this article, the MSA ...

Historical introduction and overview -- Collecting and storing sequences in the laboratory -- Alignment of pairs of sequences -- Introduction to probability and statistical analysis of sequence ...

The generation of genome sequences from a wide range of organisms has opened the field of comparative genomic analysis, assisting the annotation of individual genomes, and bringing new insights into ...

Aligning multiple nucleotide sequences is a prerequisite for many if not most comparative sequence analyses in evolutionary biology. These alignments are often recognized as representing the homology ...