Abstract: The Beckmann distribution has a wide range of applications in radio-frequency communications, free-space optical (FSO) communications, and underwater wireless optical communications (UWOC).
Abstract: We propose a continuous-variable quantum secret sharing scheme based on multi-ring discrete modulation, which we called MR-CVQSS. In this scheme, phase shift keying (PSK)-modulated coherent ...
Christina Majaski writes and edits finance, credit cards, and travel content. She has 14+ years of experience with print and digital publications. Khadija Khartit is a strategy, investment, and ...
James Chen, CMT is an expert trader, investment adviser, and global market strategist. Khadija Khartit is a strategy, investment, and funding expert, and an educator of fintech and strategic finance ...
The total area under the curve must equal 1, representing the fact that the probability of some outcome occurring within the entire range is certain. \[\int_{-\infty}^{\infty}f\left(x\right)dx=1\] ...
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