The average textbook definition of modulation reads: modulation is a process in which the frequency, phase or amplitude of a carrier wave varies in step with the instantaneous value of the modulating ...

Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) or Pulse Duration Modulation (PDM) is a technique of converting analog signals into rectangular waveforms. The width of the waveform varies in proportion with the ...

An arbitrary waveform generator (AWG) is a powerful and flexible signal source capable of generating any wave shape within the bandwidth and amplitude range of the generator. Populating an AWG with ...

When characterizing jitter performance, it is common to measure jitter output of a transmitter and jitter tolerance of a receiver. When measuring jitter tolerance, various quantities of intersymbol ...

Pinpointing the minimum and maximum transient noise bandwidth for a transient noise simulation is a non-trivial task. But ...

Active metadevices integrated with semiconductors. (a) Hybrid silicon-metallic resonators for all-optical ultrafast active metamaterials. (b) Broadband metamaterial frequency switch with femtosecond ...