Once upon a time, integrated circuits (ICs) were built by the same companies that designed them. The design of an IC was tightly integrated with the manufacturing processes available within each ...

Process design kits consist of a set of files that typically contain descriptions of the basic building blocks of the process. They are expressed, algorithmically, as Pcells. These descriptions are ...

Have you ever thought about how and why something was designed? Who was considered a “stakeholder” for the design? And what biases are baked within the process of designing something? These are some ...

The steps of a complex process can be displayed in sequence using a graphic referred to as a process flowchart. The graphic explains the way a process is or should be functioning, depending on the ...

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Standardizing processes is important for a growing business, but few people know exactly how to do this. Most times, what is created is too general or detailed and burdensome and is put on the shelf ...

Designers rely on the accuracy of Process Design Kits (PDK¡¦s) for their IC designs. This paper describes independent verification of the PDK accuracy using a low-cost Die Level Process Monitor (DLPM) ...

Following in the footsteps of the other review programs at the US Food and Drug Administration's (FDA) Office of Pharmaceutical Science, the Office of Biotechnology Products (OBP) is currently in the ...

Appropriate use of sound science applied at critical junctures will improve efficiency in the high-wire act of drug development. Pharmaceutical companies walk a tightrope in early drug development.