Binary FSK(Frequency Shift Keying) and PSK(Phase Shift keying) are extensively used in telecommunication for digital data transmission. FSK/PSK modulator circuits usually employ analogue components ...

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Modulation is fundamental to electronic communications. The modulating signal might be analog in nature (voice or music) or digital bit streams. Most modern communication systems are digital, using ...

In many ways, high-speed optical communications are following the path that wireless technology has blazed. Of course, optical and wireless networks use different technologies to deal with specific ...

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Error vector magnitude (EVM) is a measure of modulation quality and error performance in complex wireless systems. It provides a method to evaluate the performance of ...

The advent of all‐optical modulation format conversion techniques has fundamentally reshaped modern optical communications. These techniques enable the direct manipulation of optical signals in their ...