Interleukin signalling comprises a network of cytokine-mediated pathways that govern immune regulation, tumour cell behaviour and the tumour microenvironment. Key members such as interleukin-4 (IL-4) ...

The innate immune system relies on specialised receptors to detect microbial or damage-associated molecular patterns and to initiate rapid inflammatory responses. Central to this process is the ...

Signal transduction The cellular process that converts a signal, such as a hormone, growth factor, neurotransmitter, cytokine, mechanical force, or environmental cue, into biochemical changes inside ...

Sepsis is a complex clinical syndrome characterized by dysregulated immune responses, systemic inflammation, and multi-organ dysfunction. It involves intricate interactions among multiple signaling ...

Three critical molecules have been shown to play an important role in immune response control and modulation: High Mobility Group Box 1 (HMGB-1), neopterin (Np), and the soluble Interleukin-2 receptor ...